{"id":4244,"date":"2022-01-06T15:45:40","date_gmt":"2022-01-06T14:45:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/?p=4244"},"modified":"2024-08-19T16:32:07","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T14:32:07","slug":"les-avantages-pedagogiques-de-levaluation-par-les-pairs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/les-avantages-pedagogiques-de-levaluation-par-les-pairs\/","title":{"rendered":"Les avantages p\u00e9dagogiques de l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4244\" class=\"elementor elementor-4244\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a5dc7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a5dc7c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4658419\" data-id=\"4658419\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ce64df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ce64df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs c\u2019est quoi ?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e10fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e10fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs est une pratique consistant \u00e0 faire \u00e9valuer un \u00e9tudiant par un ou plusieurs autres \u00e9tudiants. Celle-ci peut \u00eatre mit en place dans de nombreuses situations afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 divers objectifs. Ainsi, cette m\u00e9thode donnera lieu \u00e0 des feedbacks\u00a0; ces retours de performances, pourront soit \u00eatre centr\u00e9 sur le r\u00e9sultat du travail, soit sur les processus de travail (Elliott, 2005<sup style=\"font-size:10px\">1<\/sup>). Dans les deux cas, l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs pr\u00e9sente de nombreux avantages. Nous allons vous les d\u00e9tailler dans cet article faisant une synth\u00e8se des travaux scientifiques portant sur le sujet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc561b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc561b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e81b65\" data-id=\"8e81b65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c0a70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1c0a70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les avantages p\u00e9dagogiques de la m\u00e9thode<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65b26c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65b26c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rend les \u00e9tudiants actifs du processus d\u2019\u00e9valuation<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cf960 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cf960\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les \u00e9tudiants d\u00e8s la maternelle et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de leurs \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s. Pour eux, c\u2019est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 logique dans lequel ils sont passifs, celui-ci permettant de valider leurs acquis ou non. Avec l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs, l\u2019\u00e9tudiant devient actif dans le processus et se l\u2019approprie (Brindley &amp; Scoffield, 1998<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">2<\/sup>). Ainsi, l\u2019\u00e9valuation devient un \u00e9l\u00e9ment formatif et donc une opportunit\u00e9 d\u2019am\u00e9liorer ses erreurs plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une sanction montrant ses \u00e9checs. De plus, en jugeant le travail des autres, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves ont un aper\u00e7u de leurs propres performances au travers de celles de leurs pairs. Ce qui leurs permet de comprendre \u2013 ou de mieux comprendre \u2013 leurs erreurs (Brown, Rust &amp; Gibbs, 1994<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">3<\/sup>\u00a0; Zariski, 1996<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">4<\/sup>\u00a0; Race, 1998<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">5<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c646202 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c646202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u00e9n\u00e9rer une grande quantit\u00e9 de feedback<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5be4485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5be4485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En interrogeant la question de la passivit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tudiant dans le processus \u00e9valuatif, on en revient \u00e0 un point central\u00a0: l\u2019objectif d\u2019une \u00e9valuation. Celle-ci peut-\u00eatre \u00e0 vis\u00e9e sommative, afin de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer une note, ou \u00e0 vis\u00e9e formative. Dans un cas comme dans l\u2019autre, celle-ci sert \u00e0 g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un feedback \u2013 un retour \u2013 sur la production d\u2019un \u00e9tudiant afin de l\u2019aider \u00e0 progresser. Pourtant, dans le monde universitaire, l\u2019\u00e9valuation est majoritairement utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 vis\u00e9e certificative, cherchant \u00e0 valider une UE, un dipl\u00f4me. Evidemment, le probl\u00e8me se tourne vers le manque de temps des professeurs, ou le nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudiants trop importants. Mais avec l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs, on transforme le processus \u00e9valuatif en une m\u00e9thode g\u00e9n\u00e9rant une grande quantit\u00e9 de feedback, or on sait que l\u2019utilisation de feedback est la m\u00e9thode p\u00e9dagogique entrainant le plus de progr\u00e8s chez les \u00e9tudiants (Hattie, 1987<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">6<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caa1f4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"caa1f4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prouve la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des \u00e9tudiants<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e44c116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e44c116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On pourrait donc se poser la question de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9, de l\u2019aptitude des \u00e9tudiants \u00e0 produire des feedbacks. Mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, les \u00e9tudiants peuvent produire un feedback aussi qualitatif et quantitatif que ceux des experts \u2013 les professeurs \u2013, de plus, utilisant un jargon plus simple, plus proches du langage familier et habituel, leurs feedbacks facilitent m\u00eame la compr\u00e9hension (Cho, 2006<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">7<\/sup>\u00a0; Cho, 2008<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">8<\/sup>\u00a0; Cho, 2010<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">9<\/sup>). Rendre actif les \u00e9tudiants dans le processus p\u00e9dagogique permet aussi de contrecarrer la \u00ab\u00a0mal\u00e9diction de l\u2019expertise\u00a0\u00bb, soit la difficult\u00e9 que peuvent avoir des experts dans l\u2019explicitation des processus, des m\u00e9canismes, qui sont pour eux devenus triviale et automatique (Camerer, 1989<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">10<\/sup>). Au-del\u00e0 des feedbacks, si on demande aux \u00e9tudiants de produire une note dans le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e9valuatif, celle-ci sera fortement corr\u00e9l\u00e9 \u00e0 celle qu\u2019aurait donn\u00e9 un professeur. Prouvant la validit\u00e9 des \u00e9valuations produites par les \u00e9tudiants (Falchikov, 2000<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">11<\/sup>\u00a0; Freeman, 1995<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">12<\/sup>\u00a0; Orsmond, 1996<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">13<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe206c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fe206c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c533c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c533c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour v\u00e9rifier ces effets, on peut s\u2019int\u00e9resser \u00e0 l\u2019impact de l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs sur la performance des \u00e9tudiants. Or, elle rend les apprentissages plus durables dans le temps et augmente de mani\u00e8re globale la performance universitaire (Double, 2020<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">14<\/sup>\u00a0; Relatedly &amp; Vickermann, 2009<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">15<\/sup>). Mais elle permet aussi de d\u00e9velopper de nombreuses comp\u00e9tences. L\u2019action combin\u00e9 du jugement \u00e9valuatif et de la production d\u2019un feedback \u2013 propre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs \u2013, permet \u00e0 la m\u00e9thode de d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 notamment l\u2019autonomie, la confiance en ses capacit\u00e9s, la collaboration, la communication, l\u2019esprit d\u2019\u00e9quipe, la pens\u00e9e critique, la r\u00e9flexivit\u00e9 et la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019apprendre \u00e0 apprendre (Reinholz, 2016\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">16<\/sup>; Slavin, 1990\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">17<\/sup>; Relatedly &amp; Vickermann, 2009<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">15<\/sup>). Soit des comp\u00e9tences d\u2019autant plus importantes qu\u2019elles sont proches du monde du travail, permettant aux \u00e9tudiants form\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs d\u2019\u00eatre plus pr\u00eat, form\u00e9, au monde du travail (Boud &amp; Soler, 2016\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">18<\/sup>; Weaver &amp; Esposto, 2012\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">19<\/sup>; Kearney, 2013<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">20<\/sup>). Ces comp\u00e9tences sont ce qu\u2019ont appellent des soft-skills, soit des comp\u00e9tences centr\u00e9es sur les attitudes, celles-ci se d\u00e9veloppent d\u2019autant plus quand on proc\u00e8de \u00e0 des \u00e9valuations par les pairs \u00ab intra-groupe\u00a0\u00bb, centr\u00e9 sur les processus et les attitudes de travail au sein des groupes (Kennedy, 2006\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">21<\/sup>; Conway, 1993<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">22<\/sup>). L\u2019\u00e9valuation intra-groupe a aussi l\u2019avantage de diminuer le nombre de free-riders \u2013 les \u00e9tudiants se laissant porter et profitant du travail des autres dans les projets de groupes \u2013 (Conway, 1993\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">22<\/sup>; Kench, 2009<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">23<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d80bb86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d80bb86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Augmentation de l\u2019engagement<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ef6cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ef6cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00e9tudiant la m\u00e9thode et de plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement per\u00e7u comme pertinente p\u00e9dagogiquement et satisfaisante, ce qui permet d\u2019augmenter l\u2019engagement des \u00e9tudiants dans les travaux demand\u00e9s (Elliott, 2005\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">1<\/sup>; Relatedly &amp; Vickermann, 2009<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">15<\/sup>). Finalement, l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs s\u2019ancre parfaitement dans des strat\u00e9gies de triangulation des m\u00e9thodes \u2013 programme p\u00e9dagogique comprenant plusieurs m\u00e9thodes s\u2019enrichissant entre elles \u2013\u00a0(Topping, 2003\u00a0<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">24<\/sup>; Cho &amp; MacArthur, 2010<sup style=\"font-size: 10px;\">9<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eae5df8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eae5df8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f0e4a7\" data-id=\"3f0e4a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc0b00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ddc0b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"285\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/idea.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4259\" alt=\"Id\u00e9e evaluation\" srcset=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/idea.png 285w, https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/idea-251x300.png 251w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e284426\" data-id=\"e284426\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bba1a8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bba1a8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les points \u00e0 prendre en compte\u200b\u200b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16c108d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16c108d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plusieurs points sont \u00e0 prendre en compte dans l\u2019application de la m\u00e9thode pour que les \u00e9tudiants puissent b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier pleinement de ces avantages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12c958c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12c958c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cddad4f\" data-id=\"cddad4f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a66afa elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7a66afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/point-1-qniju60087cxbcokg1e1m9c3ejfuc6qdh9bcwdgsak.png\" title=\"point-1\" alt=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">L'authenticit\u00e9<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Que les \u00e9valuations soit r\u00e9aliste et rel\u00e8ve des connaissances et des comp\u00e9tences des \u00e9tudiants.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f8e479 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"1f8e479\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/point-2-qniju6xuf1e7myn7ajso6r3jzxb7jvu3tdyudnfe4c.png\" title=\"point-2\" alt=\"2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">La transparence<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Mettre en place des processus d\u2019\u00e9valuations claires et explicites pour tous les participants. Il est important que les crit\u00e8res d\u2019\u00e9valuations \nsoient ma\u00eetris\u00e9s par les \u00e9tudiants, voire de les joindre dans le processus de cr\u00e9ation des crit\u00e8res. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9a4783 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"f9a4783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/point-3-qniju6xuf1e7myn7ajso6r3jzxb7jvu3tdyudnfe4c.png\" title=\"point-3\" alt=\"3\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">L'\u00e9quit\u00e9<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Que chaque \u00e9tudiant puisse d\u00e9montrer ses capacit\u00e9s et ses connaissances. \nPar cons\u00e9quent, qu\u2019il soit form\u00e9 et pr\u00e9par\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exercice afin qu\u2019ils puissent tous participer au processus avec la m\u00eame base de connaissance.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ee3355 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"4ee3355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/point-4-qniju6xuf1e7myn7ajso6r3jzxb7jvu3tdyudnfe4c.png\" title=\"point-4\" alt=\"4\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">L'entrainement<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Utiliser la m\u00e9thode de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9guli\u00e8re am\u00e9liore l\u2019expertise des \u00e9tudiants dans l\u2019exercice de l\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6da9646 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6da9646\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e89ead\" data-id=\"8e89ead\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df78347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"df78347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fb47cd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fb47cd5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9cfa1d\" data-id=\"c9cfa1d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6289b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6289b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size: 12px;\">\n<p><u>Bibliographie\u00a0:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 Elliot, N. et Higgins, A. (2005). Self and peer assessment \u2013 does it make a difference to student group work? Nurse Education in Practice, 5(1), 40-48. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2004.03.004<\/p>\n<p>2\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Brindley, C., and S. Scoffield. 1998. \u201cPeer Assessment in Undergraduate Programmes.\u201d Teaching in Higher Education 3 (1): 79\u201390.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>3 Brown, S., Rust, C. and Gibbs, G. 1994 Involving students in the assessment process, in Strategies for Diversifying Assessments in Higher Education, Oxford: Oxford Centre for Staff Development, and at DeLiberations\u00a0<a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lgu.ac.uk\/deliberations\/ocsd-pubs\/div-ass5.html\">http:\/\/www.lgu.ac.uk\/deliberations\/ocsd-pubs\/div-ass5.html<\/a><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>4 Zariski, A. 1996 Student peer assessment in tertiary education: Promise, perils and practice. In Abbott, J. and Willcoxson, L. (Eds), Teaching and Learning Within and Across Disciplines, p189-200. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Teaching and Learning Forum, Murdoch University, February 1996. Perth: Murdoch University. http:\/\/cleo.murdoch.edu.au\/asu\/pubs\/tlf\/tlf96\/zaris189.htm<\/div>\n<p>Baartman, L. K. J. (April 24, 2008). Assessing the assessment; development and use of quality criteria for competence assessment programmes. Doctoral dissertation. Utrecht, The Netherlands: University of Utrecht.<\/p>\n<p>5 Race, P. 1995 The Art of Assessing, New Academic, Autumn 1995, 3-5 and Spring 1996, 3-6 and in DeLiberations\u00a0<a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lgu.ac.uk\/deliberations\/assessment\/artof_fr.html\">http:\/\/www.lgu.ac.uk\/deliberations\/assessment\/artof_fr.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>6 HATTIE, J.A. (1987) Identifying the salient facets of a model of student learning: a synthesis of meta-analyses, International Journal of Educational Research, vol. 11, pp. 187212.<\/p>\n<p>7 Cho, K., Schunn, C. D., &amp; Wilson, R. (2006). Validity and reliability of scaffolded peer assessment of writing from instructor and student perspectives. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 891e901<\/p>\n<p>8 Cho, K., Chung, T. R., King, W. R., &amp; Schunn, C. D. (2008). Peer-based computer-supported knowledge refinement: an empirical investigation. Communications of the ACM, 51(3), 83e88.<\/p>\n<p>9 Cho, K., &amp; MacArthur, C. (2010). Student revision with peer and expert reviewing.\u00a0<em>Learning and instruction<\/em>,\u00a0<em>20<\/em>(4), 328-338.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>10\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., &amp; Weber, M. (1989). The curse of knowledge in economic settings: an experimental analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1232e1254.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>11 Falchikov, N., &amp; Goldfinch, J. (2000). Student peer assessment in higher education: A meta-analysis comparing peer and teacher marks.\u00a0<em>Review of educational research<\/em>,\u00a0<em>70<\/em>(3), 287-322.<\/p>\n<p>12 Freeman, M. (1995). Peer Assessment by Groups of Group Work. Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education, 20(3), 289\u2013300. doi:10.1080\/0260293950200305\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>13\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Orsmond, P., Merry, S., &amp; Reiling, K. (1996).\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">The Importance of Marking Criteria in the Use of Peer Assessment. Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education, 21(3), 239\u2013250.<\/em><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0doi:10.1080\/0260293960210304\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>14 Double, K. S., McGrane, J. A., &amp; Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2020). The impact of peer assessment on academic performance: A meta-analysis of control group studies.<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>15\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Vickerman, P. (2009). Student perspectives on formative peer assessment: an attempt to deepen learning?. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(2), 221-230.<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/02602930801955986\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/02602930801955986<\/a><\/p>\n<p>16 Reinholz, D. 2016. \u201cThe Assessment Cycle: A Model for Learning Through Peer Assessment.\u201d Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education 41 (2): 301\u2013315.<\/p>\n<p>17\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">SLAVIN, R. E. (1995) Cooperative Learning (Boston, Allyn and Bacon)<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">18\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Boud, D., and R. Soler. 2016. \u201cSustainable Assessment Revisited.\u201d Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education 41 (3): 400\u2013413<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">19\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Weaver, D., and A. Esposto. 2012. \u201cPeer Assessment as a Method of Improving Student Engagement.\u201d Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education 37 (7): 805\u2013816.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div>20 Kearney, S. 2013. \u201cImproving Engagement: The use of \u2018Authentic Self-and Peer-assessment for Learning\u2019to Enhance the Student Learning Experience.\u201d Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education 38 (7): 875\u2013891.<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>21 Kennedy, G. J. (2005, January). Peer-assessment in group projects: is it worth it?. In\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the 7th Australasian conference on Computing education-Volume 42<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 59-65).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>22\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Conway, R., Kember, D., Sivan, A., &amp; Wu, M. (1993). Peer assessment of an individual\u2018s contribution to a group project.\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education<\/em><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">,\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">18<\/em><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">(1), 45-56.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Kench, P. L., Field, N., Agudera, M., &amp; Gill, M. (2009).\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Peer assessment of individual contributions to a group project: Student perceptions. Radiography, 15(2), 158\u2013165.<\/em><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0doi:10.1016\/j.radi.2008.04.004<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>24\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Topping, K. (2003). Self and peer assessment in school and university: Reliability, validity and utility. In\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Optimising new modes of assessment: In search of qualities and standards<\/em><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0(pp. 55-87). Springer, Dordrecht.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs c\u2019est quoi ? L\u2019\u00e9valuation par les pairs est une pratique consistant \u00e0 faire \u00e9valuer un \u00e9tudiant par un ou plusieurs autres \u00e9tudiants. Celle-ci peut \u00eatre mit en place dans de nombreuses situations afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 divers objectifs. Ainsi, cette m\u00e9thode donnera lieu \u00e0 des feedbacks\u00a0; ces retours de performances, pourront [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"cas_dusage":[],"post_use_cases":[],"format_activite":[],"webinaires":[],"ressource-type":[],"class_list":["post-4244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-evaluation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4244"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10051,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4244\/revisions\/10051"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"cas_dusage","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cas_dusage?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"post_use_cases","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_use_cases?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"format_activite","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/format_activite?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"webinaires","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/webinaires?post=4244"},{"taxonomy":"ressource-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/challengeme.online\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ressource-type?post=4244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}